水稻根际和周围土壤中微生物功能基因丰度与碳、氮状况及其通量之间的关系

Rapid nitrogen（N） transformations and losses occur in the rice rhizosphere through root uptake and microbial activities. However,the relationships between rice roots and rhizosphere microbes for N utilization are still unclear. We analyzed different N forms（NH＋4,NO-3, and dissolved organic N）, microbial biomass N and C, dissolved organic C, CH4 and N2O emissions, and abundance of microbial functional genes in both rhizosphere and bulk soils after 37-d rice growth in a greenhouse pot experiment. Results showed that the dissolved organic C was significantly higher in the rhizosphere soil than in the non-rhizosphere bulk soil, but microbial biomass C showed no significant difference. The concentrations of NH＋4, dissolved organic N, and microbial biomass N in the rhizosphere soil were significantly lower than those of the bulk soil, whereas NO-3in the rhizosphere soil was comparable to that in the bulk soil. The CH4 and N2O fluxes from the rhizosphere soil were much higher than those from the bulk soil. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the abundance of seven selected genes, bacterial and archaeal 16 S rRNA genes, amoA genes of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, nosZ gene, mcrA gene, and pmoA gene, was lower in the rhizosphere soil than in the bulk soil, which is contrary to the results of previous studies. The lower concentration of N in the rhizosphere soil indicated that the competition for N in the rhizosphere soil was very strong, thus having a negative effect on the numbers of microbes. We concluded that when N was limiting, the growth of rhizosphere microorganisms depended on their competitive abilities with rice roots for N.     

自然培养条件下全球变暖对山毛榉林土壤微生物活性的影响

Microbial activity in soil is known to be controlled by various factors. However, the operating mechanisms have not yet been clearly identified, particularly under climate change conditions, although they are crucial for understanding carbon dynamics in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, a natural incubation experiment was carried out using intact soil cores transferred from high altitude(1 500 m) to low(900 m) altitude to mimic climate change scenarios in a typical cold-temperate mountainous area in Japan. Soil microbial activities, indicated by substrate-induced respiration(SIR) and metabolic quotient(q CO2), together with soil physicalchemical properties(abiotic factors) and soil functional enzyme and microbial properties(biotic factors), were investigated throughout the growing season in 2013. Results of principal component analysis(PCA) indicated that soil microbial biomass carbon(MBC) andβ-glucosidase activity were the most important factors characterizing the responses of soil microbes to global warming. Although there was a statistical difference of 2.82 ℃ between the two altitudes, such variations in soil physical-chemical properties did not show any remarkable effect on soil microbial activities, suggesting that they might indirectly impact carbon dynamics through biotic factors such as soil functional enzymes. It was also found that the biotic factors mainly controlled soil microbial activities at elevated temperature,which might trigger the inner soil dynamics to respond to the changing environment. Future studies should hence take more biotic variables into account for accurately projecting the responses of soil metabolic activities to climate change.     

海南不同母质橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落功能特征

本研究运用Biolog-Eco微平板培养技术对海南橡胶人工林4种母质（花岗岩、玄武岩、变质岩和浅海沉积物）发育土壤微生物群落功能特征进行研究,同时测定土壤理化特性,探究不同母质发育橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能特征及其与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明：不同母质之间橡胶人工林土壤理化性质存在显著差异,总体上玄武岩土壤肥力水平最高,其次是浅海沉积物和变质岩,花岗岩最低;随着培养时间的延长,土壤微生物吸光值（AWCD）逐渐增加并在216 h达到最大值,土壤碳源利用能力也逐渐增强并趋于稳定;花岗岩和浅海沉积物发育土壤中微生物利用碳源功能强于变质岩和玄武岩;橡胶人工林土壤微生物群落碳源代谢对碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和羧酸类较强,对胺类和多聚物类较弱;土壤微生物吸光值（AWCD）、均匀度（McIntosh指数）和优势度（Simpson指数）均与土壤孔隙度、有机碳、全氮、pH值、碳氮比等理化因子显著相关;孔隙度、pH值、全氮是影响土壤微生物功能多样性的主要环境因子。     

海南17 a宿根巴西蕉园土壤微生物特征及土壤pH周年变化特征分析

香蕉是全球性的大宗经济水果,我国是香蕉生产大国也是消费大国,但产量和品质不能满足需求,每年仍需大量进口。香蕉枯萎病是影响我国香蕉产能的主要因素。巴西蕉在我国曾广泛种植,但易感香蕉枯萎病,罕有宿根蕉园。宿根蕉园栽培模式在成本控制、产期调节、环境友好等方面有巨大优势。前期研究结果显示,土壤pH以及土壤菌群与香蕉枯萎病的发生有紧密联系。本文以海南临高皇桐镇的17 a宿根巴西蕉园为样本,对该宿根蕉园、附近轮作蕉园及新开垦蕉园全生育期土壤pH及香蕉枯萎病孢子数量进行动态监测,结合土壤菌群宏基因组测序的方法对土壤中的菌群特征进行了初步探索。结果表明：宿根蕉园土壤pH高于轮作蕉园和新开垦蕉园,其pH周年变化幅度低于轮作蕉园和新开垦蕉园;宿根蕉园土壤中香蕉枯萎病孢子数目低于轮作蕉园和新开垦蕉园;在土壤细菌和真菌的菌群多样性和丰度方面,宿根蕉园均高于轮作蕉园和新开垦蕉园;宿根蕉园在全营养菌门、农杆菌门、毛霉亚门等11个细菌门级和6个真菌门级分类单位上与轮作和新垦蕉园存在显著差异;宿根蕉园在微单孢菌、芽胞杆菌、角菌根菌等土壤特征种群方面显著不同于其他2个蕉园;功能丰度热图显示,宿根蕉园土壤细菌和真菌与轮作蕉园、新开垦蕉园均有显著差异。代谢通路基因丰度分析方面显示,轮作蕉园和新垦蕉园土壤细菌在生物合成和次级代谢、转录、碳代谢、膜转运等通路明显活跃,宿根蕉园土壤真菌在细胞迁移、细胞生长和死亡、信号传导、核酸代谢、蛋白折叠储运和降解等通路显著活跃。本研究结果为阐明香蕉宿根栽培模式的内部机理奠定基础,也为废弃蕉园改造提供新的参考依据。     

Biodiversity, current developments and potential biotechnological applications of phosphorus-solubilizing and -mobilizing microbes: A review

As one of the most important and essential macronutrients next to nitrogen,phosphorus(P)is important for plant development,but it is the least mobile nutrient element in plant and soil.Globally,P is mined from geological sediments and added to agricultural soils so as to meet the critical requirements of crop plants for agronomic productivity.Phosphorus exists in soil in both organic and inorganic forms.The various inorganic forms of the element in soil are salts with calcium,iron,and aluminum,whereas the organic forms come from decaying vegetation and microbial residue.There is a huge diversity of plant microbiomes(epiphytic,endophytic,and rhizospheric)and soil microbiomes that have the capability to solubilize the insoluble P and make it available to plant.The main mechanism for the solubilization of inorganic P is by the production of organic acids,which lowers soil pH,or by the production of acid and alkaline phosphatases,which causes the mineralization of organic P.The P-solubilizing and-mobilizing microorganisms belong to all three domains,comprising archaea,bacteria,and eukarya.The strains belonging to the genera Arthrobacter,Bacillus,Burkholderia,Natrinema,Pseudomonas,Rhizobium,and Serratia have been reported as efficient and potential P solubilizers.The use of P solubilizers,alone or in combination with other plant growth-promoting microbes as an eco-friendly microbial consortium,could increase the P uptake of crops,increasing their yields for agricultural and environmental sustainability.     

Lowered water table causes species substitution while nitrogen amendment causes species loss in alpine wetland microbial communities

Alpine wetlands are hotspots of carbon (C) storage and methane emission, and they could be key contributors to global warming. In recent years, rapid warming has lowered the water table in alpine wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau, concurrent with intensified nitrogen (N) deposition via anthropogenic activities. We carried out a field experiment to investigate the ecological impacts of these two factors on soil bacterial and functional communities, which are essential drivers of greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen amendment alone decreased the phylogenetic alpha-diversity of bacterial communities which could be offset by lowered water table. In contrast, microbial functional alpha-diversity, revealed by a high-throughput microarray, remained unchanged. Both bacterial and functional beta-diversity responded to lowered water table, but only bacterial community responded to N amendment. The alpha-Proteobacteria, beta-Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the major responsive bacterial lineages, and C degradation, methanogenesis, alkaline shock, and phosphorus oxidation were the major responsive functional processes. Partitioning analysis revealed that N amendment changed bacterial community structure mainly via species loss processes but did not affect bacterial functional communities, with soil pH and ammonium as the key factors influencing changes in bacterial community structure. Conversely, lowered water table altered bacterial and functional communities through species substitution processes linked to soil pH and soil moisture. According to our results, the response mechanisms of microbial communities to lowered water table and N amendment are fundamentally different in alpine wetlands.     

瘤胃液对全株甜高粱青贮质量的影响

甜高粱是一种重要的能源作物,为实现长时间贮存并提升糖化效率,该研究分析了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮品质和酶解糖化效果的影响。设置R1、R3、R5和R7共4个瘤胃液处理组(添加量依序分别为1、3、5和7 mL/100 g原料)和1个对照组(CK,等量蒸馏水),考察了瘤胃液不同添加量对全株甜高粱青贮过程中有机组分、发酵品质和酶解性能等质量指标的动态影响,并跟踪解析青贮期间微生物菌群的动态演绎。结果表明,添加瘤胃液能明显减少青贮甜高粱中的干物质、水溶性碳水化合物、粗蛋白以及木质纤维组分含量,使青贮pH和氨氮含量显著下降(P0.05),并与瘤胃液添加量呈负相关。青贮中的乳酸、乙酸含量随瘤胃液添加量和青贮发酵时间延长而明显增加(P0.05),瘤胃液强化了青贮发酵并有助于减少干物质损失,尤其在较高添加量时,青贮60d时的甜高粱综纤维素含量反而有所增加。4种瘤胃液处理组的门水平优势细菌主要为厚壁菌和变形菌,厚壁菌相对丰度随时间延长和瘤胃液添加量的增加而逐渐增加,变形菌门丰度则逐渐下降;属水平主要以乳酸杆菌、泛菌和醋酸杆菌为主,乳酸杆菌丰度与时间、瘤胃液添加量呈正相关,而泛菌则呈减少趋势。瘤胃液强化青贮后的甜高粱还原糖得率显著提升,尤其瘤胃液添加量为7 mL/100 g的R7处理组的糖得率较原料分别提高了11.06%(30 d)和19.28%(60 d)。添加瘤胃液能有效改善青贮甜高粱的发酵质量和生物降解性能,起到生物强化的预处理作用,为甜高粱的乙醇化利用奠定了基础。     

不同抗旱措施配施菌肥对河西绿洲土壤改良和制种玉米产量的影响

为探讨地膜覆盖和施用保水剂配施菌肥后河西绿洲土壤微生物数量、酶活性变化及制种玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响,在河西走廊绿洲灌区设置单地膜覆盖(AF)、单施保水剂(AW)、单施菌肥(AB)、保水剂配施菌肥(WB)、地膜覆盖配施菌肥(FB)、露地不施保水剂和菌肥(CK)6个处理,分析制种玉米播种前和收获后0—20,20—40 cm土壤微生物数量及酶活性动态变化和产量变化。结果表明:(1)菌肥单施或配施均可提高土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性和增加真菌、细菌、放线菌数量及土壤微生物碳氮含量,改善土壤微生物环境,其中保水剂配施菌肥处理改善效果最佳,其次为地膜配施菌肥处理。(2)菌肥单施对制种玉米生长影响较小,但地膜配施菌肥可显著提高制种玉米叶面积指数和干物质积累量,并能调节产量构成因子。(3)不同抗旱措施及其配施菌肥能够不同程度促进制种玉米籽粒产量形成,其中地膜配施菌肥制种玉米籽粒产量最高(10 105.64 kg/hm~2),其次为单地膜覆盖(8 967.24 kg/hm~2)和保水剂配施菌肥(8 323.93 kg/hm~2),分别较CK显著增产61.99%,43.74%,33.43%。(4)地膜配施菌肥制种玉米水分利用效率最高(2.40 kg/m~3),其次为单地膜覆盖(2.15 kg/m~3)和保水剂配施菌肥(1.89 kg/m~3),分别较CK显著提高80.10%,61.84%,41.80%。因此,综合考虑产量、水分生产效率及土壤微环境等指标,抗旱措施配施菌肥最佳组合方式为地膜配施菌肥,既能促进制种玉米的生长发育,又能提高灌溉水利用效率和水分利用效率,在增产的同时,还能改善耕作层土壤微环境,对河西灌区制种玉米可持续发展具有重要的意义。